ErrLookup › abpframework/abp
abpframework/abp
Open-source web application framework for ASP.NET Core! Offers an opinionated architecture to build enterprise software solutions with best practices on top of the .NET. Provides the fundamental infrastructure, cross-cutting-concern implementations, startup templates, application modules, UI themes, tooling and documentation. · C# · 7,312 source files
Analyzed at 7ed43b1931 on 2026-08-13. 222 documented errors.
| Code / Message | Type | Severity | Tags |
|---|---|---|---|
| code length overflow. (${buffer.getLengthInBits()}>${totalDa | exception | error | qrcode, encoding, capacity, configuration |
| Too long data | exception | error | qrcode, encoding, capacity, limit |
| Expected Dapr App API Token is not provided! Dapr should set | http | error | dapr, authentication, security, configuration, header |
| The Dapr App API Token (provided in the 'dapr-api-token' HTT | http | error | dapr, authentication, security, configuration, token-mismatch |
| Given tenant doesn't exist: {0} | exception | error | multitenancy, validation, abp, userfriendly |
| Given tenant isn't available: {0} | exception | error | multitenancy, validation, abp, tenant-state |
| ModelState is not valid! See ValidationErrors for details. | validation | error | validation, aspnetcore, modelstate, abp, api |
Volo.Authorization:010002 Authorization failed! Given policy has not granted: {PolicyName} | exception | error | authorization, abp, security, permissions, policy |
Volo.Authorization:010004 Authorization failed! Given requirement has not granted for given resource: {Res | exception | error | authorization, abp, security, resource, requirement |
Volo.Authorization:010003 Authorization failed! Given policy has not granted for given resource: {Resource | exception | error | authorization, abp, security, resource, policy |
Volo.Authorization:010001 Authorization failed! Given policy has not granted. | exception | error | authorization, abp, security, policy |
Volo.Authorization:010005 Authorization failed! Given requirements has not granted for given resource: {Re | exception | error | authorization, abp, security, resource, requirements |
| Background job execution is disabled. This method should not | exception | error | background-jobs, tickerq, abp, configuration, worker |
| The background job args type '{duplicateType.FullName}' is a | exception | error | background-jobs, abp, configuration, dedicated-worker, duplicate |
| The distributed lock name '{lockName}' is already used by an | exception | error | background-jobs, abp, configuration, distributed-lock, duplicate |
| Job args types cannot contain null. | validation | error | background-jobs, abp, validation, reflection, null |
| Invalid background job name filter mode: {mode} | validation | error | background-jobs, abp, validation, enum |
| Job names must be empty when the filter mode is None. | validation | error | background-jobs, abp, validation, configuration |
| Job names cannot be empty when the filter mode is Include or | validation | error | background-jobs, abp, validation, configuration |
| Job args types cannot contain null. | validation | error | background-jobs, configuration, argument-validation, null-check |
| The following background job(s) are configured for more than | exception | critical | background-jobs, dedicated-worker, configuration-conflict, startup |
| The distributed lock name '{configuration.LockName}' is used | exception | critical | background-jobs, dedicated-worker, distributed-lock, configuration-conflict, startup |
| No background job is registered for the args type '{argsType | exception | critical | background-jobs, dedicated-worker, missing-registration, startup |
| Cannot convert period: {period} to cron expression, use Hang | exception | error | hangfire, background-workers, cron, scheduling, period-conversion |
| Cannot convert period: {period} to cron expression. | exception | error | hangfire, background-workers, dynamic-workers, cron, scheduling, period-conversion |
| Both 'Period' and 'CronExpression' are not set for {worker.G | exception | error | tickerq, background-workers, scheduling, configuration, startup |
| Cannot convert period: {period} to cron expression. | exception | error | tickerq, background-workers, cron, scheduling, period-conversion |
| Could not find 'DoWorkAsync' method on type '{workerType.Ful | exception | critical | tickerq, background-workers, reflection, version-mismatch, internal-api |
| Could not find 'DoWork' method on type '{workerType.FullName | exception | critical | tickerq, background-workers, reflection, version-mismatch, internal-api |
| TickerQ does not support dynamic background worker registrat | exception | error | tickerq, dynamic-workers, provider-limitation, unsupported-operation |
| TickerQ does not support dynamic background worker registrat | exception | error | tickerq, dynamic-workers, provider-limitation, unsupported-operation |
| Given type ({workerType.AssemblyQualifiedName}) must impleme | exception | error | background-workers, type-validation, registration, startup |
| The default in-memory background worker manager does not sup | exception | error | background-workers, dynamic-workers, cron, provider-limitation, in-memory |
| Cannot access a disposed object. | exception | error | background-workers, dynamic-workers, object-disposed, lifecycle, race-condition |
| Period must be greater than 0 when provided. Given value: {P | validation | error | background-workers, dynamic-workers, argument-validation, scheduling, configuration |
| At least one of 'Period' or 'CronExpression' must be set. | validation | error | background-workers, dynamic-workers, argument-validation, scheduling, missing-value |
| Saving BLOB '{args.BlobName}' does already exists in the con | exception | error | blob-storage, aliyun, oss, save, conflict, abp |
| Saving BLOB '{args.BlobName}' does already exists in the con | exception | error | blob-storage, aws, s3, save, conflict, abp |
| Either Region or ServiceURL must be configured on AwsBlobPro | exception | error | aws, configuration, s3, credentials, abp, startup |
| Not found aws credentials | exception | error | aws, credentials, configuration, iam, abp |
| The length of the stream is not available! | exception | warning | aws, stream, blob-storage, upload, abp |
| The position of the stream is not available! | exception | warning | aws, stream, blob-storage, upload, abp |
| Specified method is not supported. | exception | error | aws, stream, read-only, blob-storage, abp |
| Saving BLOB '{args.BlobName}' does already exists in the con | exception | error | blob-storage, azure, save, conflict, abp |
| Container name contains invalid characters: {containerName}. | exception | error | bunny, validation, container-name, configuration, abp |
| Container name must be between {MinLength} and {MaxLength} c | exception | error | bunny, validation, container-name, configuration, abp |
| Blob '{args.BlobName}' already exists in container '{contain | exception | error | blob-storage, bunny, save, conflict, abp |
| Invalid directory path generated from blob name. | exception | error | bunny, blob-storage, path, validation, abp |
| Error while checking blob existence: {ex.Message} | exception | error | bunny, blob-storage, network, existence-check, abp |
| Failed to validate storage zone '{containerName}': {ex.Messa | exception | error | bunny, storage-zone, configuration, network, abp |
| Storage zone '{containerName}' not found | exception | error | bunny, storage-zone, configuration, abp |
| Could not retrieve storage zone information for container '{ | exception | error | bunny, storage-zone, cache, configuration, abp |
| Storage zone '{containerName}' does not exist. Set createIfN | exception | error | bunny, storage-zone, configuration, abp |
| Failed to create storage zone '{containerName}'. Status: {re | exception | error | bunny, storage-zone, api, network, creation, abp |
| Failed to deserialize the created storage zone response for | exception | error | bunny, storage-zone, deserialization, api, abp |
| Saving BLOB '{args.BlobName}' does already exists in the con | exception | error | blob-storage, filesystem, save, conflict, abp |
| The BLOB encryption passphrase contains invalid characters ( | exception | error | crypto, configuration, unicode, passphrase |
| AES-GCM is not available on .NET Standard 2.0! | exception | critical | crypto, platform, netstandard, tfm, aes-gcm |
| The data is too large: the maximum chunk count has been exce | exception | critical | crypto, nonce, capacity, aes-gcm |
| The encrypted BLOB is corrupted or has an invalid format: mi | exception | error | crypto, integrity, corruption, truncation |
| The encrypted BLOB is corrupted or has an invalid format: tr | exception | error | crypto, integrity, corruption, truncation |
| The encrypted BLOB is corrupted or has an invalid format: in | exception | error | crypto, integrity, configuration, corruption |
| The content is too large for the encrypted BLOB format (chun | exception | critical | crypto, capacity, nonce, chunk-index |
| Unknown BLOB encryption key source: {source}! | exception | error | crypto, configuration, enum, validation, versioning |
| The stream can not be read anymore, because a previous read | exception | error | crypto, integrity, streams, state, retry |
| The encrypted BLOB was not read to its authenticated end, so | exception | error | crypto, integrity, streams, pipeline, completeness |
| The encrypted BLOB is corrupted or has an invalid format: in | exception | error | crypto, integrity, corruption, terminal-record |
| The encrypted BLOB is corrupted or has an invalid format: tr | exception | error | crypto, integrity, corruption, truncation |
| BLOB encryption is enabled, but no passphrase could be resol | exception | error | crypto, configuration, passphrase, di |
| The BLOB was encrypted with a tenant-specific passphrase, bu | exception | error | blob-storing, encryption, multi-tenancy, configuration |
| Unknown BLOB encryption key source: {keySource}! | exception | error | blob-storing, encryption, versioning, data-corruption |
| The BLOB was encrypted with the '{keySource}' passphrase, bu | exception | error | blob-storing, encryption, configuration, key-management |
| No BLOB Storage provider was registered! At least one provid | exception | critical | blob-storing, configuration, dependency-injection, startup |
| No BLOB Storage provider was used! At least one provider mus | exception | error | blob-storing, configuration, provider-selection |
| Could not find the BLOB Storage provider with the type ({con | exception | error | blob-storing, configuration, dependency-injection, provider-selection |
| There is no active UOW. | exception | error | caching, unit-of-work, dependency-injection |
| There is no active UOW. | exception | error | caching, unit-of-work, hybrid, dependency-injection |
| No IHybridCacheSerializer configured for type '{typeof(TCach | exception | error | caching, hybrid, serialization, configuration |
| Should specify an option name after '--' prefix! | validation | warning | cli, args, parsing, user-input |
| Should specify an option name after '-' prefix! | validation | warning | cli, args, parsing, user-input |
| Option names should start with '-' or '--'. | validation | warning | cli, args, parsing, user-input |
| ERROR: Remote server returns '{response.StatusCode}' | exception | error | cli, network, auth, license, http |
| Cyclic dependency found! Item: {item} | exception | error | cli, build, dependencies, project-reference |
| Build failed! | exception | error | cli, build, dotnet, compilation |
| There are more than 1 config (abp-build-config.json) file in | exception | error | cli, build, configuration, file-system |
| There is no solution file (*.sln or *.slnx) and {_buildConfi | exception | error | cli, build, git, configuration, file-system |
| Remote origin is null for given repository ! | exception | error | cli, build, git, configuration |
| Couldn't find repository name using remote origin url ! | exception | error | cli, build, git, configuration, url-parsing |
| DbMigrations folder path is missing! | validation | error | cli, abp-cli, missing-argument, migration, validation |
| DbMigrator is not found! | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, migration, project-structure, missing-file |
| Migrations failed! A migration command didn't run successful | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, migration, ef-core, build-failure |
| Invalid include file format in {_source.PhysicalPath}. Usage | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, template, razor, syntax-error |
| Module name is missing! | validation | error | cli, abp-cli, missing-argument, source-download, validation |
| Specified directory does not exist. | validation | error | cli, abp-cli, missing-argument, filesystem, validation |
| Username name is missing! | validation | error | cli, abp-cli, missing-argument, authentication, validation |
| Password is missing! | validation | error | cli, abp-cli, authentication, missing-argument, validation |
| Could not connect to ABP.IO MCP Server. The MCP server requi | validation | error | cli, abp-cli, mcp, network, connectivity |
| Please log in with your account! | validation | critical | cli, abp-cli, mcp, authentication, authorization, license |
| No active license found. | validation | critical | cli, abp-cli, mcp, license, authorization |
| Your license has expired. Please renew your license to use t | validation | critical | cli, abp-cli, mcp, license, expiration |
| Project name is missing! | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, missing-argument, project-creation, validation |
| You can only create a new preview solution with preview CLI | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, version-mismatch, project-creation, preview |
| This command should be run inside a folder that contains a m | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, project-creation, microservice, solution-structure |
| The option you provided for Database Provider is invalid! | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, invalid-option, project-creation, database |
| The option you provided for Database Management System is in | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, invalid-option, project-creation, database |
| The option you provided for Mobile App is invalid! | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, invalid-option, project-creation, mobile, pro-only |
| The option you provided for UI Framework is invalid! | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, invalid-option, project-creation, ui-framework |
| Angular library name can not be empty | exception | error | cli, abp-cli, validation, angular, project-creation |
| Angular project path can not be empty | exception | error | angular, cli, project-creation, microservice, internal |
| Option Type is required | exception | error | cli, proxy-generation, missing-argument, command-line |
| Option Type value is invalid | exception | error | cli, proxy-generation, invalid-argument, command-line |
| Tool definitions have not been loaded yet. This is an intern | exception | error | mcp, internal-error, tool-definitions, startup, race-condition |
| Failed to fetch tool definitions: {errorMessage} | exception | error | mcp, network, authentication, tool-definitions, http-error |
| Failed to fetch tool definitions from ABP.IO MCP Server. No | exception | critical | mcp, tool-definitions, server-error, empty-response, startup |
| Please login with your account. | exception | error | suite, authentication, cli, commercial, license |
| Invalid Suite command! Run "abp help suite" command to see a | exception | error | suite, cli, invalid-command, command-line |
| Invalid Arguments! | exception | error | suite, crud-generation, invalid-arguments, file-validation |
| Specified directory does not exist. | exception | error | switch-to-local, cli, directory-not-found, path-validation |
| Local paths are not specified! | exception | error | switch-to-local, cli, missing-argument, command-line |
| Target culture is missing! | exception | error | translate, cli, localization, missing-argument, command-line |
| DeepL auth key is missing! | exception | error | translate, deepl, authentication, cli, missing-argument |
| Failed to get localization information from {targetFile} fil | exception | error | translate, localization, json, file-validation, online |
| {referenceFile} file does not exist.. | exception | error | translate, localization, file-not-found, reference-culture, online |
| Failed to get localization information from {referenceFile} | exception | error | translate, localization, json, file-validation, reference-culture, online |
| DeepL does not support {abpCulture} culture. | exception | error | translate, deepl, localization, unsupported-culture, online |
| {translateJsonPath} file does not exist.. | exception | error | translate, localization, file-not-found, apply, workflow |
| File {path} does not exist! | exception | error | cli, localization, translate, filesystem, file-not-found |
| {e.Message} | exception | error | cli, localization, translate, json, deserialization |
| No solution or project found in this directory. | exception | error | cli, update, solution, working-directory |
| appsettings file could not be found. Path:{settingsFilePath} | exception | error | cli, configuration, appsettings, file-not-found |
| ERROR: Remote server returns '{response.StatusCode}' | exception | error | cli, licensing, network, authentication, abp-io |
| Use command: abp new Acme.BookStore -v version | exception | error | cli, templates, new-project, network, versioning, abp-io |
| There is no version found with given version: {version} | exception | error | cli, templates, versioning, validation, abp-io |
| Remote server returns '{statusCode}-{reasonPhrase}'. {server | exception | error | cli, licensing, authentication, network, abp-io, templates |
| repositoryNameWithOrganization '{repositoryNameWithOrganizat | exception | error | cli, project-building, github, validation, argument |
| Mobile app folder name is not set! | exception | error | cli, project-building, mobile, enum, unhandled-case |
| Can not set {companyName} if {companyNamePlaceHolder} is nul | exception | error | cli, project-building, solution-renamer, validation, argument |
| Module not found! | exception | error | cli, modules, abp-io, not-found, validation |
| Package is not found or downloadable! | exception | error | cli, npm, packages, abp-io, not-found |
| Package is not found or downloadable! | exception | error | cli, nuget, packages, abp-io, not-found |
| Remote server returns '{statusCode}-{reasonPhrase}'. {remote | exception | error | cli, network, abp-io, http, error-handling |
| Solution name is not valid. It should be 1 character length | exception | error | cli, project-building, solution-name, validation |
| Solution name is not valid. Company name should be 1 charact | exception | error | cli, project-building, solution-name, validation |
| Solution name is not valid. Project name should be 1 charact | exception | error | cli, project-building, solution-name, validation |
| There is no template found with given name: {name} | exception | error | cli, template-building, user-input, argument-validation |
| ERROR: Remote server returns '{response.StatusCode}' | exception | warning | network, licensing, transient, http |
| The React UI is generated by ABP Studio's modern solution te | exception | error | cli, template-building, ui-framework, react, unsupported-feature |
| {apiKeyResult.ErrorMessage} | exception | error | cli, licensing, pro-template, api-key, authentication |
| "public class" declaration not found! | exception | error | cli, module-system, code-modification, depends-on, parsing |
| '{packageName}' npm package could not be found! | exception | error | cli, npm, package-management, http, not-found |
| Couldn't find any project/solution. | exception | error | cli, package-management, nuget, path-resolution, argument-validation |
| Could not find a class derived from AbpModule in the project | exception | error | cli, module-system, package-management, nuget, depends-on |
| There are multiple classes derived from AbpModule in the pro | exception | error | cli, module-system, package-management, nuget, ambiguity |
| '{packageName}' nuget package could not be found! | exception | error | cli, nuget, package-management, http, not-found |
| ERROR: '{moduleName}' module could not be found! | exception | error | cli, module-system, http, not-found, catalog |
| package.json file not found | exception | error | cli, service-proxy, angular, working-directory, argument-validation |
| "@abp/ng.schematics" NPM package should be installed to the | exception | error | cli, service-proxy, angular, npm, missing-dependency |
| angular.json file not found. You must run this command in th | exception | error | cli, service-proxy, angular, working-directory, argument-validation |
| Specified directory does not exist. | exception | error | cli, service-proxy, csharp, working-directory, path-resolution |
| No project file(csproj) found in the directory. | exception | error | cli, service-proxy, csharp, project-resolution, argument-validation |
| Option folder should be a directory. | exception | error | cli, service-proxy, argument-validation, path-resolution |
| Specified directory does not exist. | exception | error | cli, service-proxy, javascript, working-directory, path-resolution |
| No project file found in the directory. The working director | exception | error | cli, service-proxy, javascript, project-resolution, argument-validation |
| Module name: {args.Module} is invalid | exception | error | abp-cli, proxy-generation, cli-usage, api-definition |
| Cannot determine shell command for this OS! Running on OS: { | exception | critical | abp-cli, environment, shell, platform, docker |
| Invalid npm package name detected: {SanitizeForLog(packageNa | exception | error | npm, command-injection, validation, abp-cli, security |
| Invalid npm package version detected: {SanitizeForLog(versio | exception | error | npm, command-injection, validation, abp-cli, security |
| Cannot determine operating system! | exception | critical | abp-cli, platform, environment, unsupported-os |
| Cannot determine runtime platform! | exception | critical | abp-cli, platform, environment, unsupported-os |
| Project name cannot contain ".."! Specify a different name. | exception | error | abp-cli, project-name, path-traversal, validation, security |
| Project name cannot contain surrogate or control characters! | exception | error | abp-cli, project-name, validation, unicode, filesystem |
| Project name cannot be "{illegalProjectName}"! Specify a dif | exception | error | abp-cli, project-name, validation, windows, reserved-name |
| Project name cannot contain the word "{illegalKeyword}". Spe | exception | error | abp-cli, project-name, validation, blazor |
| Could not find singleton service: {typeof(T).AssemblyQualifi | exception | error | dependency-injection, startup, lifecycle, abp-core |
| Could not find {typeof(IServiceProviderFactory<TContainerBui | exception | error | dependency-injection, autofac, container, abp-core, startup |
| Could not find an implementation of {typeof(IConfiguration). | exception | error | configuration, dependency-injection, startup, abp-core |
| An object accessor is registered before for type: {typeof(T) | exception | error | dependency-injection, object-accessor, startup, abp-core |
| Could not find an object of {typeof(T).AssemblyQualifiedName | exception | error | dependency-injection, object-accessor, startup, abp-core |
| Options must be derived from the {typeof(AbpDynamicOptionsMa | exception | error | options, dynamic-configuration, abp-core, startup |
| len argument can not be bigger than given string's length! | exception | error | string, extension-method, argument, abp-core |
| targetIndex should be between 0 and {source.Count - 1} | exception | error | collections, extension-method, argument, abp-core |
| Cyclic dependency found! Item: {item} | exception | error | collections, topological-sort, cyclic-dependency, modules, abp-core |
| Predicate cannot be started again. | exception | error | linq, predicate-builder, expression, logic-error |
| An error occurred during PreConfigureServicesAsync phase of | exception | critical | module-system, initialization, preconfigure, async |
| An error occurred during ConfigureServicesAsync phase of the | exception | critical | module-system, initialization, configure, async |
| An error occurred during PostConfigureServicesAsync phase of | exception | critical | module-system, initialization, postconfigure, async |
| Services have already been configured! If you call Configure | exception | critical | module-system, initialization, configuration, double-init |
| An error occurred during PreConfigureServices phase of the m | exception | critical | module-system, initialization, preconfigure, sync |
| An error occurred during ConfigureServices phase of the modu | exception | critical | module-system, initialization, configure, sync |
| An error occurred during PostConfigureServices phase of the | exception | critical | module-system, initialization, postconfigure, sync |
| Service provider was already set before to another service p | exception | critical | dependency-injection, startup, service-provider |
| concerns should be provided! | exception | warning | cross-cutting-concerns, interceptor, argument |
| {parameterName} can not be null! | exception | error | validation, argument, precondition, null-check |
| {parameterName} length must be equal to or lower than {maxLe | exception | error | validation, argument, length-check |
| {parameterName} length must be equal to or bigger than {minL | exception | error | validation, argument, length-check |
| {parameterName} can not be null, empty or white space! | exception | error | validation, argument, whitespace |
| {parameterName} can not be null or empty! | exception | error | validation, argument, empty-check |
| {parameterName} (type of {type.AssemblyQualifiedName}) shoul | exception | error | argument-validation, reflection, typesystem, abp, guard-clause |
| {parameterName} is equal to zero | exception | error | argument-validation, numeric, int16, abp, guard-clause |
| {parameterName} is less than zero | exception | error | argument-validation, numeric, int16, abp, guard-clause |
| {parameterName} is out of range min: {minimumValue} - max: { | exception | error | argument-validation, numeric, int16, range, abp, guard-clause |
| {parameterName} is null! | exception | error | validation, argument, nullable, check, abp-core |
| {parameterName} has a default value! | exception | error | validation, argument, nullable, default-value, check, abp-core |
| Given type ({item.AssemblyQualifiedName}) should be instance | exception | error | validation, type-system, argument, collections, abp-core |
| serviceKey can not be null! Use ExposeServicesAttribute inst | exception | error | di, dependency-injection, keyed-services, attribute, abp-core |
| No unique computer ID found for this computer! | exception | critical | telemetry, windows, wmi, device-id, environment |
| ServiceConfigurationContext is only available in the Configu | exception | error | modularity, di, lifecycle, configure, abp-core |
| Given type is not an ABP module: {moduleType.AssemblyQualifi | exception | error | modularity, argument, type-system, plugins, abp-core |
| Given module instance ({instance.GetType().AssemblyQualified | exception | error | modularity, argument, type-system, plugins, abp-core |
| Could not find a depended module {dependedModuleType.Assembl | exception | critical | modularity, dependency-resolution, startup, plugins, abp-core |
| An error occurred during the initialize {contributor.GetType | exception | critical | modularity, startup, lifecycle, initialization, abp-core |
| An error occurred during the shutdown {contributor.GetType() | exception | warning | modularity, shutdown, lifecycle, disposal, abp-core |
| Could not get module types from assembly: {assembly.FullName | exception | critical | modularity, plugins, reflection, assembly-load, abp-core |
| Could not get module types from assembly: {assembly.FullName | exception | critical | modularity, plugins, reflection, assembly-load, abp-core |
| ChangeTypePrimitiveExtended<TProperty> does not support non- | exception | error | reflection, type-conversion, configuration, abp-core |
| JSON value is not an array of objects: {value} | exception | error | serialization, state-checking, json, data-corruption, abp-core |
| Incorrect syntax at char {i}! format string can not contain | exception | error | formatting, format-string, parsing, tokenization, formatted-string |
| Incorrect syntax at char {i}! These is no opening brackets f | exception | error | formatting, format-string, parsing, tokenization, formatted-string |
| Incorrect syntax at char {i}! Brackets does not containt any | exception | error | formatting, format-string, parsing, tokenization, formatted-string |
| There is no closing } char for an opened { char. | exception | error | formatting, format-string, parsing, tokenization, formatted-string |
| A connection name can not map to multiple databases: {mapped | exception | critical | configuration, database, connection-strings, startup, multi-tenancy |
| Sorting expression is not supported. | validation | error | sorting, validation, dynamic-linq, expression-trees, security, application-services |