What causes "Vertex index out of bounds " in krahets/hello-algo?

Guard the call: verify 0 size before invoking removeVertex.

Vertex index out of bounds

Error message

Vertex index out of bounds

What it means

Emitted by removeVertex() when the supplied index is outside [0, graph->size). Because the graph stores vertices in a contiguous array indexed by position (not by value), an out-of-range index has no meaning and is rejected. The function logs to stderr and returns void without modifying the graph, so the caller has no programmatic signal of failure.

Solutions

Guard the call: verify 0 <= index && index < graph->size before invoking removeVertex.
After each deletion, recompute any cached indices — removeVertex shifts all vertices above 'index' down by one.
If you only know the vertex value, scan graph->vertices[0..size-1] to find its current index before removing.

Example fix

// before
removeVertex(graph, 5);   // graph->size == 5 -> out of bounds

// after
if (graph->size > 0) removeVertex(graph, graph->size - 1);

Defensive patterns

Strategy: validation

Validate before calling

static inline int graphValidIndex(const GraphAdjMat *g, int idx) {
    return g != NULL && idx >= 0 && idx < g->size;
}

/* usage */
if (graphValidIndex(graph, index)) {
    removeVertex(graph, index);
}

Prevention

Never cache vertex indices across mutations — re-derive them from vertices[] each time.
Name variables to distinguish values from indices (vertexVal vs vertexIdx).
Remember removeVertex shifts every vertex with index > 'index' down by one.

When it happens

Trigger: removeVertex(graph, index) with index < 0 or index >= graph->size. Examples: removeVertex(graph, 5) on a 5-vertex graph (valid indices are 0..4); removeVertex(graph, 3) using a stale index after an earlier deletion shifted vertices left.

Common situations: Caching a vertex index across mutations — removeVertex shifts every higher-indexed vertex down by one, so old indices go stale; confusing a vertex's stored value with its array position; using a loop counter as an index while deleting inside the loop.

Related errors

AI-assisted analysis of krahets/hello-algo@69932aed18 (2026-08-13). Data as JSON: /api/errors/2229aae422edbc2f. Report an issue: GitHub.

Appendix: source

Thrown at en/codes/c/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.c:54

/* Add vertex */
void addVertex(GraphAdjMat *graph, int val) {
    if (graph->size == MAX_SIZE) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Graph vertex count has reached maximum\n");
        return;
    }
    // Add nth vertex and zero nth row and column
    int n = graph->size;
    graph->vertices[n] = val;
    for (int i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
        graph->adjMat[n][i] = graph->adjMat[i][n] = 0;
    }
    graph->size++;
}

/* Remove vertex */
void removeVertex(GraphAdjMat *graph, int index) {
    if (index < 0 || index >= graph->size) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Vertex index out of bounds\n");
        return;
    }
    // Remove the vertex at index from the vertex list
    for (int i = index; i < graph->size - 1; i++) {
        graph->vertices[i] = graph->vertices[i + 1];
    }
    // Remove the row at index from the adjacency matrix
    for (int i = index; i < graph->size - 1; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < graph->size; j++) {
            graph->adjMat[i][j] = graph->adjMat[i + 1][j];
        }
    }
    // Remove the column at index from the adjacency matrix
    for (int i = 0; i < graph->size; i++) {
        for (int j = index; j < graph->size - 1; j++) {
            graph->adjMat[i][j] = graph->adjMat[i][j + 1];
        }
    }

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