quarkusio/quarkus · error · IllegalArgumentException

Method ${method} of Repository ${repository}has invalid para

Error message

Method ${method} of Repository ${repository}has invalid parameters - only a single parameter of type Sort can be specified

What it means

A derived repository method may take at most one Sort parameter. DerivedMethodsAdder.add throws this error at build time when two or more parameters of type org.springframework.data.domain.Sort appear in the method signature, since sorting can only be applied once per generated query.

Source

Thrown at extensions/spring-data-jpa/deployment/src/main/java/io/quarkus/spring/data/deployment/generate/DerivedMethodsAdder.java:122

            List<Integer> queryParameterIndexes = new ArrayList<>(parameters.size());
            Integer pageableParameterIndex = null;
            Integer sortParameterIndex = null;
            Integer dynamicProjectionParameterIndex = null;
            for (int i = 0; i < parameters.size(); i++) {
                Type paramType = parameters.get(i);
                DotName parameterType = paramType.name();
                parameterTypesStr[i] = parameterType.toString();
                if (DotNames.SPRING_DATA_PAGEABLE.equals(parameterType)
                        || DotNames.SPRING_DATA_PAGE_REQUEST.equals(parameterType)) {
                    if (pageableParameterIndex != null) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Method " + method.name() + " of Repository " + repositoryClassInfo
                                + "has invalid parameters - only a single parameter of type" + DotNames.SPRING_DATA_PAGEABLE
                                + " can be specified");
                    }
                    pageableParameterIndex = i;
                } else if (DotNames.SPRING_DATA_SORT.equals(parameterType)) {
                    if (sortParameterIndex != null) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Method " + method.name() + " of Repository " + repositoryClassInfo
                                + "has invalid parameters - only a single parameter of type" + DotNames.SPRING_DATA_SORT
                                + " can be specified");
                    }
                    sortParameterIndex = i;
                } else if (isDynamicProjectionParameter(paramType, method)) {
                    if (dynamicProjectionParameterIndex != null) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Method " + method.name() + " of Repository " + repositoryClassInfo
                                + "has invalid parameters - only a single dynamic projection parameter of type "
                                + DotNames.CLASS + " can be specified");
                    }
                    dynamicProjectionParameterIndex = i;
                } else {
                    queryParameterIndexes.add(i);
                }
            }

            MethodNameParser.Result parseResult = methodNameParser.parse(method);
            if (parseResult.getParamCount() != queryParameterIndexes.size()) {

View on GitHub (pinned to e1c734241f)

Solutions

Keep only one Sort parameter and combine criteria: Sort.by(Order.desc("a"), Order.asc("b"))
Remove redundant Sort parameters
Use Pageable (which carries a Sort) if paging plus sorting is needed
Add @Query with explicit ORDER BY if sorting is fixed

Example fix

// before
List<User> findByName(String n, Sort s1, Sort s2);

// after
List<User> findByName(String n, Sort s); // Sort.by(desc("age"), asc("name"))

Defensive patterns

Strategy: validation

Validate before calling

long sortCount = Arrays.stream(m.getParameterTypes())
    .filter(t -> Sort.class.isAssignableFrom(t)).count();

Prevention

One Sort parameter max per method
Combine multiple orders with Sort.by(...)
Prefer Pageable when both paging and sorting are needed

When it happens

Trigger: Declaring e.g. List<User> findByName(String n, Sort s1, Sort s2); the second Sort parameter triggers the throw.

Common situations: Merging two method signatures during refactor; copying a signature that passed primary and secondary sort objects; confusion between Sort and Order criteria.

Related errors

AI-assisted analysis of quarkusio/quarkus@e1c734241f (2026-09-05). Data as JSON: /api/errors/93f220c0533c3503. Report an issue: GitHub.