apache/dubbo · error · IllegalStateException

Failed to compile class, cause: {}, class: {}, code: {} , s

Error message

Failed to compile class, cause: {}, class: {}, code: 
{}
, stack: {}

What it means

Thrown by AbstractCompiler.compile when doCompile (the subclass-specific compilation step) raises a checked Throwable that is not a RuntimeException. The original cause, class name, full source, and stack trace are bundled into an IllegalStateException for diagnostics.

Source

Thrown at dubbo-common/src/main/java/org/apache/dubbo/common/compiler/support/AbstractCompiler.java:74

        String className = pkg != null && pkg.length() > 0 ? pkg + "." + cls : cls;
        Lock lock = CLASS_IN_CREATION_MAP.get(className);
        if (lock == null) {
            CLASS_IN_CREATION_MAP.putIfAbsent(className, new ReentrantLock());
            lock = CLASS_IN_CREATION_MAP.get(className);
        }
        try {
            lock.lock();
            return Class.forName(className, true, classLoader);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            if (!code.endsWith("}")) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The java code not endsWith \"}\", code: \n" + code + "\n");
            }
            try {
                return doCompile(neighbor, classLoader, className, code);
            } catch (RuntimeException t) {
                throw t;
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to compile class, cause: " + t.getMessage() + ", class: "
                        + className + ", code: \n" + code + "\n, stack: " + ClassUtils.toString(t));
            }
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    protected Class<?> doCompile(ClassLoader classLoader, String name, String source) throws Throwable {
        return null;
    }

    protected Class<?> doCompile(Class<?> neighbor, ClassLoader classLoader, String name, String source)
            throws Throwable {
        return doCompile(classLoader, name, source);
    }
}

View on GitHub (pinned to 3a3043227f)

Solutions

1. Read the cause message and stack in the exception — it identifies the real compilation problem.
2. Fix the generated source (syntax error, missing import, undefined reference) that the cause describes.
3. Ensure all classes referenced by the generated source are on the compilation classpath.
4. Verify the compiler implementation (JdkCompiler vs JavassistCompiler) matches your JVM/toolchain.

// Pre-validate the generated source for obvious errors before compiling
if (code == null || code.isEmpty() || !code.contains("class ")) {
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid generated source");
}

try {
    compiler.compile(neighbor, code, classLoader);
} catch (IllegalStateException e) {
    // inspect e.getMessage() for the cause, class, and source; fix the generated code
}

When it happens

Trigger: The concrete compiler (JdkCompiler, JavassistCompiler) threw an exception during the actual compile/load step — e.g. a syntax error, missing dependency, classloader failure, or tooling error. RuntimeExceptions propagate unchanged; everything else is wrapped here.

Common situations: Generated SPI/Adaptive extension source has a genuine compile error (undefined symbol, bad syntax). The compiler cannot access a required class on the classpath. Javassist/JDK compiler tooling version mismatch or configuration issue.

Related errors

• No such class name in {}
• Compilation failed. class: {}, diagnostics: {}
• The java code not endsWith "}", code: {}
• The method %s of interface %s is not adaptive method!
• url == null

AI-assisted analysis of apache/dubbo@3a3043227f (2026-08-14). Data as JSON: /api/errors/2375e7485ac8eda5. Report an issue: GitHub.